How Much Co2 Lab free essay sample

Experimental: An Alka-Seltzer tablet was accurately weighed and recorded using a weighing boat and analytical balance. A fragmented piece between 0. 2100g and 0. 2800g was also weighed and recorded. 500mL of water was placed in a 600mL beaker. 80mL of water was then mixed with 20mL of 6M HCl in a 150mL beaker to create 1. 2M HCl. A 1. 5g piece of Alka-Seltzer tablet was then added to the HCl solution. After complete evolution of CO2, gravity filtration was used to catch all of the starch produced from the reaction. The buret was filled with the filtrated solution and the glass tube end of a rubber tube was inserted about 2 inches into the mouth of the buret. While keeping a finger over the buret mouth, the entire buret was quickly inverted and the tubing and mouth completely submerged into the water in the 600mL beaker. The buret was then clamped into place while double checking the buret mouth was under the water level and the rubber tubing was not pinched. We will write a custom essay sample on How Much Co2 Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The stopcock was then opened extremely slowly until the water level in the buret dropped close to the 50. 00mL mark. This level was then recorded. 25mL of the prepared HCl solution was added to a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, along with a 0. 5-1. 0g piece of Alka-Seltzer tablet. After complete evolution of CO2, the neck of the flask and rubber stopper were completely dried. The tablet fragment earlier weighed (between 0. 21-0. 28g) was then added to the flask followed by immediate insertion of the stopper to ensure a tight seal. 5 minutes after the CO2 has been generated, the new water level of the buret was recorded, along with the distance in inches between the buret and beaker’s water levels. Lastly, the prevailing atmospheric pressure, temperature of the water, and approximate volume of the room was recorded. Results and Calculations Table 1 Experimental Values Experimental Values| Measurements| Current pressure of the room| 29. 3 in. Hg| Mass of entire tablet| 3. 2545 g| Mass of fragment| 0. 2524 g| Buret water level (start)| 45. 62 mL| Buret water level (end)| 7. 50 mL| Distance between buret and beaker water level| 3. 625 inches| Temperature of the water/room| 21. 8Â °C| Pressure of water at 21. 8Â °C| 19. 587 torr| Length, width, height of the room| 1463cm, 792cm, 366cm | Conversions: Temperature of the Room: 21. 8Â °C + 273. 15 = 294. 95K Volume of the room: (l? w? h) = (1463cm)(792cm)(366cm) = 424 x 108 cm3 = 424073L Pressure of room: 29. 3 in. Hg x 760 mmHg x 760 torr = 744. 3 torr 29. 92 in. Hg 760 mmHg 29. 3 in. Hg x 1 atm = 0. 97927 atm 29. 92 in. Hg Calculations: PÂ °atm = Patm – ( in. of H2O )( 1. 87 torr/in. of H2O ) = (744. 3 torr) – (3. 625 in. )(1. 87 torr/in. ) = 737. 521 torr PCO2 = PÂ °atm – PH2O = (737. 521 torr) – (19. 87 torr) = 717. 934 torr x 1 atm = 0. 94465 atm 760 torr VCO2 = 45. 62mL – 7. 50mL = 38. 12mL = 38. 12mL x (1L/1000mL) = 0. 03812 L NCO2 = PCO2VCO2/RT = ( 0. 94465atm )( 0. 03812L ) = 0. 0014873 mol CO2 ( 0. 08206 L? atm/mol? K )(294. 95 K) Moles of CO2 one tablet produces: (moles CO2) x (mass tablet/mass fragment) = (0. 0014873 mol CO2) x (3. 2545g / 0. 2524g) = 0. 019178 moles CO2 in tablet Moles of the room: Nroom = ProomV room/RT = (0. 9727atm)(424073L)/(0. 08206 L? atm/mol? K )(294. 95 K) = 17,042. 7 moles in room of tablets required to fill room: (moles of room) / (moles of CO2 per tablet) = (17,042. 7 moles) / (0. 019178 mol CO2) = 8. 887 x 105 tablets Mass of NaHCO3 needed to fill room with CO2: = 8. 887 x 105 tablets x 0. 019178 moles CO2 x 1 mol NaHCO3 x 84. 01g NaHCO3 1 tablet 1 mol CO2 1 mol NaHCO3 = 1. 432 x 106 g NaHCO3 Discussion In order to find the number of tablets needed to produce enough CO2 to fill the room, the ideal gas law was required first to solve for the number of moles of CO2 in one tablet and second the number of moles of the room. To use the ideal gas law, the atmospheric pressure was adjusted for due to the lower pressure in the buret when compared to the outer atmospheric pressure. This unequalization of pressures, although corrected, may still be slightly off, thus potentially causing later calculation error when using the ideal gas law to solve for the moles of CO2. Difficulties in the experiment arose when inverting the buret and completely submerging it into the beaker of water. This is a likely place for error because keeping a finger over the mouth of the buret and sealing the mouth tightly enough during the inverting process was very difficult. If too much of the solution inside the buret leaked out, one would not have enough volume to start with (before the CO2 evolution) and thus would have to remake the solution and repeat the process. Another potential source of error would be the measurement of the size of the room. With so many objects (lab tables, carts, ceiling structures) that also occupy the space, it was very difficult to determine an accurate volume of the room. Thus, the actual number of tablets required to fill the room might be a little bit less when the objects taking up space in the room are considered. Additionally, if the gravity filtration failed to filtrate all of the starch from the HCl solution, the leftover starch could potentially cause a problem in the reaction when the tablet fragment is added to the solution, thus providing more possible sources of error. Another minor source is the sensitive nature of the analytical balance, possibly leading to incorrect weight measurements of the tablet fragments. Another is general human error, such as reading the volume on the buret when determining the amount of CO2 evolved from the fragment. Conclusion In conclusion, the overall experiment proved to be successful; depending on the calculated size of the room, the number of Alka-Seltzer tablets required to produce enough CO2 gas to fill it was able to be determined. The mass of NaHCO3 needed to produce enough CO2 was also able to be calculated due to the fact that one mole of NaHCO3 is equal to one mole of CO2. Using the ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, stoichiometry, and conversions, a result was calculated, thus proving that future experiments dealing with the calculation of CO2 evolved from Alka-Seltzer by using an inverted buret can be done successfully.

MD Programs in the US

Complete List BA/MD and BS/MD Programs in the US SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you dream of becoming a doctor? If you’re set on going to medical school, then a combined BS/MD or BA/MD program might be for you. The majority of thesecombined programs allow motivated high school students to go right from undergraduate to medical school without having to go through another application process. While there aren’t a ton of spots available in combined programs, there are schools throughout the country that offer them. Before we look at those, however, let’s review what BA/MD and BS/MD programs entail, as well as the pros and cons for high school and young undergraduate applicants. What Are Combined BA/MD and BS/MD Programs? Combined programs allow students to earn a bachelor’s degree- either a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or a Bachelor of Science (BS)- and then proceed directly into a medical program for a Doctor of Medicine (MD). Since students are already accepted to medical school, they can forgo the typical medical school admissions process near the end of undergrad. Instead of applying separately to medical school, students just go through one major admissions process at the end of high school (or, occasionally, a condensed application process early in college). Programs that askstudents to apply after first getting admitted to the collegeare typically referred to as early assurance programs. Students in combined programs commit to a specific college and medical school or network of schools. This medical school is usually part of the same institution or a partner school in the same region or college network. For instance, the SUNY and University of Texas systems, along with the Eastern Virginia network, offer students various choices of medical schools among their connected or partner colleges. On the other hand, students in Boston University’s combined program would have to attend BU for both undergraduate and medical school. While combined programs offer students early assurance, some of them still require applicants to take and do well on the MCAT. Students must also maintain a certain GPA as they work their way through required college classes. Manyoffers are conditional on the student's undergraduate and testing performance. Most combined programs are the same length as non-combined ones: eight years. In other words, most students in direct medical programs will still go to college for four years and then to medical school for four years. Afew programs offer accelerated programsbycompressing the amount of time spent as an undergraduate; these may be seven or even just six years in length. For example, Drexel University College of Medicine offers both an eight-year combined program and a seven-year combined program. It has eight-year BA/MD and BS/MD programs for students majoring in biomedical engineering or engineering. It also offers a fast-tracked seven-year BA/BS/MD program for students majoring in biological sciences, chemistry, psychology, or engineering. Most schoolshave either an eight-year or accelerated program, while others like Drexel offer both choices depending on your field of study as an undergraduate. Before taking a closer look at accelerated programs, let’s go over some of the pros and cons of combined medical programs for students. Pro: you'll get to impress people by adding MD after your name whenever you sign it. Con: you might not be able to watch shows like Grey's Anatomy anymore because of all their medical inaccuracies. Want to build the best possible college application fpr BS/MD programs? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Combined BA/MD and BS/MD Programs: Pros and Cons Now that we've covered what exactly combined medical programs are, it's time to take a look at the pros and cons of entering one. Pros of a Combined Medical Program Applying to medical school is a competitive and stressful process, so the major pro of getting into a combined program is that you won’t have to go through all that application stress! Rather, you’ll be able to rest easy and focus on your academics, knowingyou’ve already been accepted. What's more, a combined program allows you to commit fully to your goals, and pursue medicine in your academic and professional path. You’ll be focused on medicine throughout your education and graduate with an MD. Not only will you have a steadyeducational and career path, but you can also benefit from the stability of studying at one school or in one system of schools. Through a combined program, you’ll get deeply immersed in a community and can get to know your professors and facilities well during your studies. Finally, in addition to offering students a stable and challenging program in their chosen fields, many combined programs offer scholarship money. Since they tend to be extremely selective, direct medical programs often offer financial aid to high-achieving students who get in. Getting this money can greatly assist you in achieving your educational goals. Of course, there are somedownsides to think aboutforcombined medical programs. Let’s consider some of the cons of committing to a six- to eight-year program. Cons of a Combined Medical Program First, there's time: most combined programs involve eight years of intensive study. Although these programs do eliminate the hurdle of a stressful med school application process, they also demand a huge commitment from high school students. Your goals could very well shift as you grow and have new experiences in college. Combined programs call for a great deal of dedication and commitment from young students whose aimsmight change as they grow older. Of course, dropping out of the program is always an option if your goals change. If you do drop out but later change your mind and decide to reapply to med school, you might end up stuck at a school that wasn’t your first choice or find yourself lacking required courses. On the flip side, if you switch your major from pre-med to something else, you might have to add more semesters as an undergrad. As you can see, though possible, giving up such a selective program you worked hard to get into would almost certainly be a stressful and nerve-wracking ordeal in itself! Another potential con of some combined programs is the commitment to the same location for eight years. Some students might be ready to experience a new city after undergrad, but those in combined programs will likely have to stick around for another four years. Though some combined programs involve relocating to a partner school, most are at the same university. Just as combined programs limit your choices in terms of medical schools and location, they also typically don’t offer much flexibility in curriculum. While your fellow students might discover different fields or participate in study abroad programs, your own course schedule might not allow for as much exploration. This kind of intensive, structured program might be a pro for some students and a con for others. Just be aware that combined programs call for a big commitment at a young age, and carefully consider whether you’re readyto make that leap. Before we check out the full list of schools offering combined medical programs, let’s take a moment to go over accelerated programs and how they’re unique. Acceleratedprograms take an already intense track of study and send it into hyperspeed. What Are Accelerated BA/MD and BS/MD Programs? An accelerated program is a type of combined medical program that's shorter than the typical eight years. Most of these programs are seven, but a few are as short as six years. Usually, the undergraduate portion,rather than the medical school portion, is shortened. These programs might combine two required classes into one, or have students attend year-round by taking intensive courses throughout the summer. Aswith combined programs, students will move directly from undergrad into a medical school program to which they’ve already been accepted- they might just be a little younger than their peers. Accelerated BA/MD and BS/MD Programs: Pros and Cons In addition to the considerations discussed above, what are some of the pros and cons specific to accelerated combined medical programs? Pros of an Accelerated Program As a combined program, an accelerated program shares all the pros discussed above, such as the opportunity to get early acceptance to medical school and to commit to a field of study you’re passionate about. Furthermore, the shorter time means you can enter medical school and earn your MD even faster,giving you a leap ahead into your profession by a year or more. Because these programs are shorter, they might also have a lower cost than the traditional eight-year path. Note that accelerated programs are by no means easier than non-acceleratedones; in fact, they’re usually even more challenging because they compress the same material and requirements into a shorter amount of time. If you’re a high-achieving, motivated student, an accelerated medical program may be just the kind of challenging and intensive experience you’re looking for. Cons of an Accelerated Program The accelerated nature of these programs means that they demand even more of a commitment from applicants, who are often young high school students. These fast-paced programs are a huge challenge and offer even less flexibilitythan the regular eight-year combined programs. If you commit to an accelerated program, not only do you have to be absolutely sure about your decision to earn your MD in a shortened period of time, but you also have to be prepared to miss out on some normal undergraduate experiences. As someone studying on the fast track, you won’t have as much time to explore, socialize, or perhapsstudy abroad. Such experiences as these can be enriching parts of college, so think deeply about whether you’re ready to limit them. Additionally, accelerated programs often require students to study year-round, limiting the potential for summer jobs, travel, and/or internships. These programs can be grueling, packing already tough classes like Organic Chemistry I and II into one semester. The main risk here is that the stress could turn you away from a path you would've otherwise enjoyed had you instead taken the slower route. Finally, because the program is shorter than others, you need to do your research to make sure it’s high quality. Whether you’re committing to a combined or accelerated program, it's important to do extensive research to ensure you’re committing the next six to eight years of your life to the best program for you. Choose a medical school already! Your cat is tired of playing patient. Combined BS/MD and BA/MD Programs: The Full List Below is our most updated list of combined BS/MD and BA/MD programs in the US. We’ve divided the list as follows: Programs you apply to as a high school student Early assurance programs you apply to after you get accepted to or enter undergrad Some schools have several medical programs lasting six, seven, or eight years. You can click on the name of each school to learn more about its combined medical programs and admissions process. Note that there are a few combined programs on the list that are only available to state residents(or require students to become state residents once they matriculate as an undergrad). These programs have been marked with an asterisk. Combined BA/BS/MD Programs for High School Applicants With these combined programs, you apply as a high school student and get guaranteed admission to medical school. To keep the offer valid, you’ll have to take required courses and maintain a certain GPA. Despite your guaranteed admission to medical school, you might still have to take the MCAT for some of these BA/MD or BS/MD programs. School Program Length in Years Albany Medical College 7 or 8 Baylor College of Medicine 8 Boston University School of Medicine 7 or 8 Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine 8 California Northstate University School of Medicine 6 or 7 Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine 8 City College of New York (Brooklyn College) 7 or 8 City College of New York (Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education) 7 Drexel University College of Medicine 7 or 8 Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine* 7 or 8 Florida State University College of Medicine 7 or 8 George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 7 or 8 Hofstra North Shore- LIJ School of Medicine 8 Howard University College of Medicine 6 Indiana State University* 8 Medical College of Georgia* 8 Meharry Medical College 7 or 8 Northeast Ohio Medical University* 6 or 7 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 7 or 8 Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine 8 Rowan University- Cooper School of Medicine 8 Rutgers New Jersey Medical School 7 or 8 Sidney Kimmel Medical College 6, 7, or 8 Stony Brook University School of Medicine 8 St. Louis University School of Medicine 8 Temple University School of Medicine 8 Texas AM Health Science Center College of Medicine* 8 Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine* 8 The Commonwealth Medical College 8 University of Alabama School of Medicine 8 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 8 University of Connecticut School of Medicine* 8 University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine* 8 University of Hawaii School of Medicine* 8 University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine 6 University of Nevada School of Medicine* 7 University of New Mexico School of Medicine* 8 University of Oklahoma School of Medicine 7 or 8 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 8 University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry 8 University of South Alabama College of Medicine* 8 University of South Florida College of Medicine 7 University of Toledo School of Medicine 7, 8, or 9 Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine 8 Wayne State University School of Medicine 8 *State residents only, or state residents preferred So your preferred program wants you to wait and apply as an undergraduate? I guess your pets can put up with this doctor-patient make-believe game just a little longer. Combined BA/BS/MD Programs for Undergraduate Applicants The following schools offer programs you apply to once you’ve already been accepted there as an undergrad. They might ask you to apply as a freshman or sophomore. Like the list above, you can click on the name of each school to read more about its BA/MD and BS/MD programs, in addition to its admissions process. School Program Length in Years Boston University School of Medicine 8 Drexel University College of Medicine 8 East Carolina University 8 George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 7 or 8 Hampden-Sydney College 7 or 8 Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine 8 Marshall University- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine 8 Meharry Medical College 8 Mount Sinai School of Medicine 8 Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine 7 Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 8 Rowan University 8 Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolState 7 or 8 Temple University School of Medicine 7 Texas A M Health Science Center College of Medicine* 8 The Commonwealth Medical College 8 Tufts University School of Medicine 8 Tulane University School of Medicine 8 University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine 8 University of Central Florida College of Medicine 8 University of Florida College of Medicine 7 University of Miami School of Medicine 7 or 8 University of New York Upstate Medical School 8 University of South Florida College of Medicine 7 Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine 8 *State residents only Now that you’ve seen the full lists of combined medical programs, let’s review some points to consider if you’re deciding whether or not to apply to a BS/MD or BA/MD dual degree program. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. A combined medical program isn't exactly "until death do us part," but it's still a big commitment! Make sure you're ready to make it. Deciding on a Combined BA/MD or BS/MD Program Applying to college requires a lot of research, and applying to a combined medical school program requires even more. When you agree to a dual degree program, you’re not just committing to a school for four years of undergraduate coursework- you’re committing to six to eight years of both undergraduate and graduate education. Because of the nature of this commitment, you must carefully consider your reasons for wanting to attend medical school. Make sure you understand your program’s requirements and are comfortable pursuing an intensive track of study in the same city for the foreseeable future. Combined programs are highly selective, and they tend to expect applicants to have some experience, oftenthrough an internship or volunteer work in the medical field. Any kind of firsthand experience working in a medical setting or shadowing a doctor can help you determine whether an MD is the right degree for you. If you feel ready to commit to this path, then it's critical to put together the strongest application you can. Demonstrate your passion for the field through your essays and experiences, and show admissions officers that you have the maturity and drive to pursue your pre-med and medical degrees in a combined program. If you ultimately decide that a combined program’s the right path for you, you’ll be able to relax and enjoy the assurance of a guaranteed medical school acceptance. Of course, you can probably only relax for a moment. Then it’s back to work! What’s Next? Are your sights set on the Ivy League? If you’re a motivated student applying to top schools, you should definitely check out our comprehensive guide on how to get into Harvard and other highly selective schools. In addition to sharinghis tips for getting into Harvard, PrepScholar cofounder Allen Cheng published the teacher recommendation letters that got him accepted! Check out Allen’s Ivy League-worthy rec letters, and use them to guide you as you collect this extremely important pieceof your application. You might know how important your recommendations and personal essay are for college, but do you know how to write about your extracurricular activities? This guide will show you how to talk about your extracurricular activities in the most strategic way possibleon your college applications. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Recent Developments in Undercover Policing Assignment

Recent Developments in Undercover Policing - Assignment Example Undercover police functions are a standard feature of contemporary political territory. Several secret revelations in recent days indicate that environmentalists, anti-nuclear and human & animal rights among other groups are likely to be the target of various surreptitious activities. Such activities can take any form, i.e. from the demonstration of supportive activities to training operations in specific organizations. The Ruckus Society is an example of one such organization, which is concerned with various defense activities. This organization delivers tools, training, and support to the environmental, human rights and social justice coordinators (The Ruckus Society, â€Å"About Us†). However, only negligible information has been available regarding the true motives of the organization, i.e. how they operate and how they support various activities among others. Thus, an infiltration has been planned in order to investigate the organization. Accordingly, two female detective s have been chosen in order to go to deep undercover as a part of their investigation. Contextually, when undertaking their investigative activities in The Ruckus Society, they need to maintain certain guidelines. The key objective of this assignment is to provide instructions to the female detectives when performing their duties as undercover agents. The assignment provides guidance for the female detectives in order to undertake investigation activities without compromising the undercover status. Fundamentally, there are two categories of an undercover operation that are categorized as deep cover and light cover. A deep cover infiltrator lives the role with widespread skills in undercover work. Deep cover operations are strongly compartmentalized in the investigation of an organization in order to prevent a breach of security or leak of information.